|
Grantor
or Lender (you?) |
 |
| Proposal
to: Grantor
or Lender
Made by: Arriba
Ya ngo, Jr. San Martin, Trujillo,
Perú |
| | | Contents | |
| | Part
I | Executive
Summary | | | | Part
II | Problem
Statement | | | | Part
III. | Description
of programmeme | | | | Part
IV | Implementation
& Work Plan | | | | Part
V. | Expected
Outcomes | | | | Part
VI | Monitoring
and evaluation | | | | Part
V11. | Applicable
Assets of Arriba Ya | | | | Part
VI11 | History
of similar programmemes in Peru | |
| | Part
IX. | Project
Startup Budget | |
| | Part
X | Resumes
| |
|
Part I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This
is the first phase of a national programme to bring economic development to many
disadvantaged communities. To lift their impoverished inhabitants out of poverty
by making available to them: 1
- Financial services - micro Investment/micro Franchises, [Investing capital in
impoverished women, enough for them to start a small business.] Working with them
for the first year as their partner, then helping them to open bank accounts and
start to accumuate personal capital. Starting in the informal sector of the Peruvian
economy, our partners will end up in the formal sector. 2
- Economic opportunities and help - Investigating, designing and deciding together
a business appropriate to the desires, aptetudes and skill level of individuals
and small groups. Helping them formulate a workable business plan. Teaching skills
and providing hands-on experience in projects leading to opening their chosen
microEnterprise. Weekly meetings with peers and instructors; perodic on-site monotering
visits by consultants knowlegable in their little microEnterprise. It
begins with the creation of a successful and sustainable programme in city of
Trujillo - Under
the CO-sponsorship of Grantor or Lender and Bruce Thornton ; ArribaYa ong will
concentrate its community development resources on bringing together and preparing
groups of people (normally women) to receive instruction, capacitacion, personal
and group preparation and motivation: leading to becoming a small community -
capable of performing work and economic projects, cooperative of communal enterprise.
- Beginning with
very small micro Investments, stimulate select individuals or small groups in
developing a sustainable enterprise or profitable cooperative project.
- By
this manner open projects in all Trujillo's poor communities, until eventfully
everyone in Trujillo who lives below the poverty line will have been presented
with an opportunity to lift themselves out of poverty.
- Every
time a community is successfully developed to the level of being self sustaining
- as to the cost of the development and support investment required - it will
be franchised out to one of its leading participants; thus freeing up Arriba Ya
resource for other communities.
- In
this manner Arriba Ya will develop first Trujillo, and then then other cities
in which it already has a functioning canter, with development capacity.: such
as Chimbote, Cajamarca, Chiclayo, Huaraz, Lima. And eventually every city where
Bruce Organización opens a new cente..
|
|
Part II PROBLEM
STATEMENT According
to the best information we can get, 330,000 residents in Trujillo are surviving
on income which falls below the internationally accepted poverty line.
During our
six year investigations into the condition of life in Trujillo's poorer communities,
the causes of their poverty, and evaluation of sustainable projects capable of
lifting these communities out of poverty, we were able to identify a number of
conditions help perpetrate poverty.. 1
- The perception of the people who are trapped in poverty that there is no hope
for them, no employer will offer them a job, they cannot think of any way to earn
money and if they did think of something there is no capital to start it up. They
have very low self esteem, feel they have no skills to compete on the labor market.
In desperation they put their children out to work or beg; beg or look for charity
themselves or turn to criminal activities. 2
- Unemployment. The official unemployment rate is around 8%. The real unemployment
rate is perhaps six times that high. The "official" unemployment rate
only takes into account people who are considered to be actively seeking employment,
whereas most very poor people have given up trying. Here, 55% of the working population
is listed as working in the "service sector"r of the economy. It is
widely known in economic circles that a very high services sector in an economy
which is not tourist or transport driven, "Service" is largely a disguise
for people who are self employed in the marginal or informal sectors of the economy:
earn less than the poverty level and are therefore effectively unemployed. Though
most poor people screened give "Employment" as their highest desire,
it is unrealistic to expect employment to be able to lift Trujillos poorer communities
into the real economy. 3
- The very poor have almost no access to financial services, empresorial capacitacion,
help in starting micro enterprises. From time to time ONGs or Financial Institutions
with a social mandate in their charter reach out to the poorest communities. They
launch effective projects which help the parts of the community they touch, and
they rare rewarded by increasing their client base, normally with reliable clients.
However, with growth and success they normally appropriate more resources and
interest in their most profitable activities and the priority of investing in
the labor intensive, low return micro Investment sector becomes a lower and lower
priority. This leaves the vast majority of very poor people without help. It is
difficult to find an ONG or socially chartered financial institution which will
continue to return to the lowest part the economic pyramid to find new people
to help. 4 - MicroEnterprise
projects have not enjoyed the same success in urban environments as in rural and
village environments. Arriba Ya ong was formed in 2003 to investigate this phenomenon
and to examine and experiment with possible solutions for overcoming it. The elements
of this present plan and proposal incorporate those results and findings and the
pilot project which Bruce based on them is already succeeding on a scale similar
to the best MicroEnterprise schemes now functioning in rural and village communities
(Such as Grameen in Bangladesh). | |
Part
III Description of programme Elements:
1 - Community Development 2
- Capacitación 3 - Partners in MicroEnterprises 4 - Empresarial Mentoring
5 - Long Term Participation Participants:
Grantor or Lender - Arriba Ya ONG - Bruce Thornton
Community development is in fact the development of people of the
community, and usually women, mostly mothers. Using what structures already exist
(committees, woman's associations, mothers clubs), and creating new structures
where necessary: begin to form the participants into communities of five to twenty
people. Work with each community to thoroughly present what is being offered and
what will be expected of the community and each of its members. Leading to the
participants improving their living conditions - health, hygiene, personal discipline
and parental attention - to the best extent possible within their present circumstances.
They must collectively and individually sign an agreement committing them to improve
themselves and their immediate environment in order to qualify to take part in
this programme. Participants: Grantor or Lender - Will co sponsos
this part of the programmeme. Arriba Ya - Will perform this part of the programmeme
(Will provide social workers, psychologist, group leaders, motivational and administrative
personnel.). Bruce Thornton - Will co sponsors and direct this part of the
programmeme. Capacitación > Capacatition >Training: involves
preparing the communities and individuals for the steps required to qualify as
individuals, groups and communities to accepted as 'Investment Worthy'; and then
to train them to be able to perform the work or project or service they will be
embarking upon as an enterprise. Participants: Arriba Ya will
perform this element of the programmeme under the direction of Bruce Thornton
. Partnerships in MicroEnterprises will be extended to individuals
nominated by each community (the smallest community unit is 5 members), and will
be guaranteed by all its member. Participants:: Bruce Thornton
- will make each investment. either directly or through authorised representatives.
Grantor or Lender - will provide Arriba Ya a grant, or Bruce Thornton a revolving
line of credit, from which investments in 'associates' enterprises will be made.
Empresarial Mentoring - A team of business counselors (drawn from
the local business schools and volunteers drawn from the local, and in some cases
international, business community will assist each little enterprise according
to the requirements of each entrepreur. Each microenterprise will be visited and
evaluated on a regular basis during the first year of its existance. Participants:
Arriba Ya ,and Bruce Thornton will present each person to Grantor or Lender to
open an account, and through each community will monitor each member's participation
in saving money. Long Term Participation by Arriba Ya will help
to assure the continued development of the effected communities and individuals.
Those who show promise and the desire to advance into a serious small business,
Arriba Ya will help with the development and/or acquisition of a serious company.
As the programme advances, and members, groups and participating communities begin
to earn money, an essential step in their economical development involves each
such group. enterprise, member opening a bank account, beginning to save money
and pay taxes. I.E. moving from the informal to the formal sector
of the economy. When the programme reaches this level of development, when there
is a minimum level of economic success and stability in an district where there
are a number of communities participating, the district will be franchised off
to leading members of the programme in that district. Participant:
Arriba Ya . | |
Part IV Implementation & Work Plan
First Month [Note: A successful
pilot project, begun by Bruce in May, 2007, will form the starting point or platform
for this.] Bruce Thornton will train
the team of Arriba Ya professionals and workers
who will participate in this programme. This also will involve employing and re-employing
certain gifted professionals in Trujillo whom Bruce has identified over the years
as being particularity able to perform the tasks required to successfully recruit,
motivate and train the women who will comprise the Trujillo community and group
directors with whom we begin the project. Start capacitating women who have
known about the coming of this project, and are ready to begin.
Second Month Having
completed the recruitment and initial training of MicroFranchise team of Arriba
Ya (who will in fact continue to receive instruction and capacitacion during the
first six months); spread out into the communities where Arriba Ya has been developing
contacts, helping mothers, building friendships over several years. Recruit and
begin training the community leaders who will motivate and supervise the programme
in their area. Begin preparing graphic material, signs: all the materials, training
manuals and tools required to conduct the programme. Third
Month Having recruited and prepared the first
group of community leaders; begin selecting individual members to populate each
group. Train them. When they are trained, recruit more. When a group is ready,
make the first two loans to members select by the entire group. At the end of
April have twenty groups prepared, functioning and receiving Socios en Microenterprises
assistance. Prepare branded material; - signs, chalecos, banners etc. - depicting
Grantor or Lender as sponsor of this Arriba Ya project project.
Fourth Month While continuing to recruit, motivate and train
more community leaders and group members - continually forming more groups. Begin
to introduce certain national companies who work with women - mostly in the conos
de Lima - who Bruce has been recruiting for this project over time, to begin working
with certain of our groups. Continue making Socios
en Microenterprises loans. Increase the staff of Bruce to deal with the collection
and accounting side of the programme.
Fifth
Month Begin packaging micro franchises
and making them available to the groups and individuals who show the most promise
in using the programme to achieve personal success, and indicate a ability and
desire to grow their personal enterprise into a small company. With the
help and participation of existing members who are already experiencing an improvement
in their living condition; create a campaign atmosphere where poor people in communities
who have not yet been reached, or who did not participate the first time they
were given the opportunity will be motivated to join the programme. Use branded
materials indicating Grantor or Lender 's sponsorship wherever possible. Continue
recruiting, motivating and capacitizing group leaders and members. Increase our
staff appropriate to the growing demand. Use the public exposure generated by
the campaign surge to attract volunteers from Trujillo's universities and the
community at large. Sixth Month
This month concentrate staff and volunteers on the
communities which are succeeding most at benefiting from the programme: Establish
semi-permanent branded locations in the homes, bodegas, community canters available
to the group and community leaders within the programme. Continue recruiting,
training and campaigning. Work to strengthen the communities where the programme
is catching on more slowly. Aim the campaign resources at those communities. Begin
to pass more responsibility and authority to the best community and group directors.. Seventh
Month Continually using the success of one
community or group to inspire neighboring communities and groups; strengthen the
programme throughout Trujillo.Continue to recruit, train and help to advance directors
and members. Continue to add semi-permanent branded group and community canter
in areas of the city where the programme is seen to be successful. Establish long-term
relationships and gain the participation of local universities, churches and institutions
and the programme. In crease the number of groups and individuals which take advantage
of the opportunity to own their own micro enterprise or microfranchise. Encourage
a cooperative market relationship between individuals, groups and communities
within the programme. Eighth Month
Review every aspect of the programme and implement
appropriate adjustments and/or corrections where appropriate. Strengthen the infrastructure
in each community and transfer more authority and responsibility to each community
and group able to accept it. In general, do everything possible to move leadership
and control from Arriba Ya to the communities and groups; leaving Arriba Ya in
support rather than in control. While helping communities and groups to grow and
prosper, initiate and encourage (with the participation of Grantor or Lender )
automatic savings plans, whereby members start to build up their own capital:
which leads to the final step out of poverty. With successful directors as partners,
begin to introduce the programme to smaller communities throughout La Libertad.
| Part
V Expected Outcomes
Number of beneficiaries to be reached After
first six months: 1,000 regularly participating (with 2,000 more in early stages)
- $100,000 in circulation. After first year:
2,500 regularly participating (with 5,000 more in early stages) - $500,000 in
circulation. After
second year: 5,000 regularly participating (with 12,000 more in early stages)
- $1,500,000 in circulation. After
second year: 11,000 regularly participating (with 18,000 more in early stages)
- $3,500,000 in circulation After five years
a significant minority of the population in each of the poorer communities of
Trujillo will be lifting itself out of poverty. Some will have succeeded to the
extent of owning successful little enterprises. Entire communities will see that
there is a way to escape poverty if they are prepared to take up the opportunity
offered by this programme. The people and the economy
of Trujillo will have been enriched. |
Part VI Monitoring and evaluation plan
Monitoring
the programme and its projects in each community Each
of our projects has four points of reference (4 reporting sources) by which our
directors maintain a constant awareness of the progress and effectiveness of each
community and group. 1)
- Group Directors - The responsible person in a group of members. The one
through whom comes information from Arriba Ya , and who notifies Arriba Ya on
a weekly basis of the progress or problems of each member in her group. The one
responsible for rallying members to attend meetings and make their payments on
time. The one through whom comes news, new opportunities, capacitation and motication.
The course of weekly news of progress, success, problems or help needs.Group Directors
make their weekly report to their Community Directors, and a copy goes to our
central office. 2) - Community Directors - The coordinator of
all the groups within a certain district; The binderies of a district are determined
by distance, population and number of participants; not necessarily by the official
binderies of that part of Trujillo. Community directors help Group Directors to
succeed and become semi-independent through success. They help with promotion,
capacitacion, problem solving, institutional and fiscal responsibility and control.
A Community Director can have between ten and thirty groups in her community.
Her weekly report to Arriba Ya reflects the progress and needs of all the groups
in her community. 3) - Project Coordinators - The staff members
at Arriba Ya responsible to developing communities and groups, recruiting, training
and directing community and group directors. Can have responsibility for three
to ten Communities, depending on the stability and success of the communities
and the Coordinator's capacity. Community directors are in communication with
Project Coordinators on a daily basis and produce an official weekly report encompassing
each group's report plus the promotional and development of each community. Project
Coordinators are responsible for the success of each community in their portfolio.
Project Coordinators report to the City Director. 4) - City Director
- The person responsible for the success of this programme in their city. Overseeing
every aspect of the programme: its foundation, promotion, growth, success and
security. The City Director oversees the work of the Project Coordinators and
reports to Bruce Thornton . Bruce Thornton directs the programme within
Arriba Ya and is personally responsible for providing and acquiring the borrowed
and granted capital necessary to accomplish the programme. |
|
Part VII Assets and Accomplishments
which equip Arriba Ya to successfully develop this programme
The staff and volunteers
of Arriba Ya have tirelessly devoted themselves (in some Latin Am erican Countries)
during six years to improving the lives of many of the poorest communities in
Trujillo. This has included health, nutrition, social services, education and
capacitacion. Our founder is an economist with forty years experience in similar
work, who has also successfully operated microFranchise projects in the past.
See: www.b-r-u-c-e.org A few example of resources in place Women
already involved as local leaders with Arriba Ya in the communities in Northern
Peru: | Barrio
Aires | El
Milagro | Esperanza |
Florencia
de Mora | Huanchaquito |
Moche |
Pesqueda |
Porvenir |
Trujillo |
| 1 Mothers
Club | 1
school | 1
mothers club, schools in Las Palmeras, Nuevo Jerusalen & Via Hermosa | 10
mothers clubs | community | 3
schools: Alta Salavery, Delicias, Miramar | 1
school: Cero Pesqueda | 1
school: Alta Trujillo | 1
mothers club | | 55 |
42 |
452 |
588 |
30 |
230 |
87 |
107 |
32 |
Total:
1,623.....
|
| Part
VIII History of similar programmes in Peru Peru,
being one of the top three or four countries in Latin America for MicroFranchise,
has a number of notable accomplishments; namely institutions or ONGs which were
formed for the purpose of helping to develop the most empoverished communities
through microFranchise, microempresorial development and eventually the provision
of financial services to these communities. Without naming all of the institutions
and entities which have grown out of microfinancil beginnings, here is an outline
of what has happened in the course of developing four categories of said entities
[The result of this also indicates the need for Arriba Ya to embark on this present
programme.]. Cajas Municipal (Namely Caja Ariquipa & Grantor or Lender
- with 55 outlets between them) - Began providing financial services including
micro Franchise to the lower segment of the economy, including the lowest segment,
the poorest. They succeeded marvelously, and as their clients rose up the economic
pyramid, so did they. Over time, however they stopped returning to the bottom
of the pyramid to offer again micro financial services to the very poorest; and
eventually lost the capacity to perform in this sector as their staff and services
evolved into a more standard banking mentality. Banco Del Trabajo, Peruvian
presence of a Chilean Bank with 55 outlets, whose mission is to serve "people
in the middle to low economic sector"; and who, having served many poor people.
With the rising economic status of its clientele, however, Banco Del Trabajo has
also raised its requirements: making it difficult for very poor people to gain
access to its services. MiBanco, The 33 year old ONG "AccionComunitaria
del Peru" (APC), was transformed into MiBanco.. While its noble history -
helping tens of thousands of very poor Peruvians out of poverty - was carried
with it from ONG to Bank: it has, since 1998, begun to develop many of the same
Investment qualification requirements of a regular bank: thus putting its service
beyond the reach of the very poorest. ProMujer, A well respected Bolivian/US
ONG now working in Tacna, entered Peru in 1999, became self sustaining in 2002,'
has since disbursed more than $42 million in loans, has a client base of more
than 30,000 and will overtake MiBanko in size within a decade. ProMuer has not
moved from its founding mission of helping the very poorest to succeed financially.
. Conclusion: Arriba Ya ONG has remained faithful
to its mission to help the very poorest of the poor for all of its history, and
its founder did the same for nearly 40 years before starting the ONG.
Because of his expedience and the professionalism and dedication of those who
work with him, it is highly likely this programme will succeed. It is also likely
that the priority of Arriba Ya will remain centered upon helping the poorest of
the poor for as long as it exists. |
| Part
IX programme startup Budget |
| The startup budget consists of the amount of capital required
to initiate and implement this programme in all the larger of Trujillo where the
economic condition of a majority of the residents is at or below the poverty line.
This budget is adequate to launch the programme and operate it for six months;
thereafter it will be operated within the current budget of ArribaYa ong, and
supported by contributions from Bruce Thornton . It is envisioned that the project
will become self sustaining within 18 to 24 months. |
| Amount:
$52,000.00 Breakdown:
See Below Sources: Grantor
or Lender- $26,000 -/- Bruce Thornton - $26,000
Allocation of Startup budget: First
Month Training
existing staff and recruiting key executives to help operate the programme. Capacitacion
of previously recruited women in target communities.
. ...................................................................................$3,000
Second
Month Launch
programme in the target pueblos joveness. Recruit, motivate, capacitate quantities
of Community and Group Directors. Compose, design and begin to produce graphic
materials to be used in this programme. ....................................................................................
$6,000
Third
Month
Using
the recently recruited and capacitated Community and Group Directors,
work diligently in their communities to recruit individual women to populate the
Groups. Start to prepare and order branded material - signs, chalecos, banners
etc..Start disbursing micro loans. . ....................................l................................................$10,000.
Fourth
Month While continuing the
active marketing and promotional activities above mentioned, start to introduce
national companies who will make contracts with some of our Groups, and we will
disburse micro Investments in support. Recruit & train more staff to handle
collections.and accounting. ....................................................................................$10,000
Fifth
Mont
While continuing all of the above activities, employ consultants
to complete a range of microfranchise packages appropriate to the local market
and economy. Mobilize successful groups and individuals to help launch a campaign
style marketing and promotion effort in communities we have not yet reached. Utilize
branded materials and media exposure to help spread the campaign..
.....................................................................................$10,000
Sixth
Month Consolidate
and stabilize existing communities and groups; and increase the number of Socios
en Microenterprises disbursements to these groups and communities.Continue to
drive and support the campaign. . .....................................................................................$10,000
Seventh
Month Recruit
volunteers from Universities. Develop a cooperative market between the groups
and communities throughout Trujillo. Begin to turn over more authority to Community
and Group Directors as they prove themselves. .
...................................................................................$3,000
.
..............................................
Total startup cost of project...................................$52,000.00 |
Draw-down from each source
| Grantor
or Lender | Bruce
Thornton | | | $3,000 |
| $3,000 | $3,000 |
| $5,000 | $5,000 |
| $5,000 |
$5,000 | | $5,000 | $5,000 |
| $5,000 | $5,000 |
| $3,000 |
| | $26,000 | $26,000 |
| |
Identification
of startup costs Startup cost comprise purchases
of services, equipment, systems and supplies, plus monthly expenses made up of
salaried payroll, contract workers, transportation, marketing and publicity: necessary
to launch the programme and operate it for the first six months. Stated
in US dollars $:
Purchares - Printing....................................................$ 3,100
- Banners
& soft signs...................................2,800
- Rigid signs (16)...........................................1,800
- Design
& publication of 10 MicroFranchises...5,200
- Branded
uniforms and chalecos....................3,600
- Software & IT..............................................4,061
- Graphic Design, layout &patterns...................
800
.............................................................$21,361
Monthly
expenses - Salaried staff..............................................
$600 - Contract Headquarters Staff.........................
900 - Short term field staff ....................................1,558 -
Overhead & Indirect..........................................867 -
Mobilidad......................................................1,240
- Advertising, Publicity & Events.....................
1,534 ..................................................................$6,690...............
|
Projected Monthly draw-down
| | Purchases |
Expenses |
| 1st Month |
$850 |
$2,150 | | 2nd
Month | $2,910 |
$3,090 | | 3rd
Month | $5,400 |
$4,600 | | 4th
Month | $4,900 |
$5,100 | | 5th
Month | $4,000 |
$6,000 | | 6th
Month | $3,301 |
$6,699 | | 7th
Month | |
$3,000 | | |
$21,361 |
$30,639 |
| | Total
| $52,000 |
|
|
Part X Resumes
CURRICULUM
VITE ......................................(version
ilustrado: http://arribaya.com/history.html
)
BRUCE THORNTON Peruvian
Nationality # (DNI) 45625956 CARNET
DE EXTRANJERIA NRO 000139206 Econimista,
Hitoriador, Fillantropo. Economista
del Repubilca de Haiti 1,966 - 1,968 Fundador de -Orfanato en Grenoble,
Francia 1, 976- 1,982
-Terra Hommes (Suiza} Dr. Kaiser Fundador y Director
principal. -1,983-87 Misioneros
de la Caridad (Inglaterra)
-Con la Madre Teresa de Calcuta.(India).
-Restaurant de Corazon, Francia 1,978-90
, Barco "Mercy Ships", Africa,( este).Barco con medicinas,
ropa, comida.y instrumentos Proyectos de Microfinaza, Somalia 1,986 -87
-1,983,93- Ayuda
a las esposas e hijos de prisioneros, de
presos, en Asociacion con Prision Fellowship Internacional
(Francia,a Alemania, Espana, Latino America y Africa.
Ron Nichols, Reston, Virginia.US
-1,979-98 Enviamos vestimenta y voluntarios a orfanatos, con
Bruce International Childrens Villages, (S.O.S –Kinderdor In-
Ternational )- Austria, Panamar, Nicaragua, Beliz, Guatemala.
-1,985-86 Ciudad de Guzman, Mexico, Ciudad de 90,000 habi-
tantes, la cual en 1,985 fue destruida por un terremoto de 1,985.
-1,980-87 Proveimos Resguardo y dar nueva ida para las personas sin hogar. Se
aperturo a segunda casa de EMAUS. En America, 1985 L Abbe Pierre Francia,
Espana, Netherlands, Abudabe, America). 1,985-1996 Proveimos de resguardo
y asistencia a refugios. Con
Asociacion ICMC (International Catholic Migration Commission)-Swit- Zerland,
Francia, Africa y el este de Europa. 1996-2000 Auspiciamos a madres solteras
que recibian Ninos
de la calle de Ciudad de Latino America. 2001
Fundador de Arriba Ya , hasta la fecha. |
| CURRICULUM
..VITE
Ana
Teresa Rosell Grijalba Peruvian
Nationality # (DNI) 17812554 Lugar
de Nacimiento Trujillo, Estudios Pirmarios y Secundarios Colegio
Particular Sagrado Corazon de Trujillo. 1968- 1977 Estudios
Superiores IPAE – Administración Bancaria Practicas
Porfesionales : Ministerio de Agricultura,Purina S.A.
Trupal, Banco Central Hipotecario del
Perú. Trabajos
: Banco Central Hipotecario del Perú.1980
1993. Micro Empresa
propia.1993-1995
Banco Solventa 1995-1997
Banco Santander( Credisur) Funcionaria
1997-1998 Adjunta
a la Gerencia.
Micro Empresa Propia 1998- 2001
Bruce Perú(S.O.S Perú}. Hasta la fecha.
2001- hasta la fecha.
Ana Teresa Rosell Grijalba
Presidente-Rep. Legal | |